Regulation of the chloroplastic copper chaperone (CCS) and cuprozinc superoxide dismutase (CSD2) by alternative splicing and copper excess in Glycine max.

Metal homeostasis is an important aspect of plant physiology, and the copper transport into the chloroplast and its fate after delivery is of special relevance for plants. In this work, the regulation of the chloroplastic copper chaperone for the cuprozinc superoxide dismutase (GmCCS) and its target, the cuprozinc superoxide dismutase (GmCSD2), was investigated in photosynthetic cell suspensions and entire plants from Glycine max (L.) Merr. Both genes were expressed in cell suspensions and in all plant tissues analysed, and their RNAs matured by alternative splicing with intron retention (IntronR). This mechanism generated a spliced and three non-spliced mRNAs in the case of GmCCS but only a spliced and a non-spliced mRNAs in GmCSD2. Copper excess strongly upregulated the expression of both fully spliced mRNAs but mostly unaffected the non-spliced forms. In entire plants, some tissue specificity was also observed depending on copper content status. At the protein level, the GmCCS was mostly unaffected but the GmCSD2 was strongly induced under copper excess in all subcellular fractions analysed, suggesting a post-transcriptional regulation for the former. This different protein regulation of the chaperone and its target may indicate some additional function for the CSD2 protein. In addition to its well-known superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, it may also function as a metal sink in copper excess availability to avoid metal cell damage. Furthermore, the GmCCS seems to be present in the stroma only but the GmCSD2 was present in both stroma and thylakoids despite the general idea that the SOD enzymes are typically soluble stroma proteins. The presence of the SOD enzyme on the surface of the thylakoid membranes is reasonable considering that the superoxide radical (O2-) is preferentially formed at the acceptor side of the PSI.

Crecimiento postnatal del pretérmino bajo peso para su edad gestacional hasta el año / Preterm low birth weight postnatal growing for gestational age during the first year of life

Las estrategias de intervención diseñadas y estructuradas en tiempo y personal, son el resultado de políticas sociales de salud, traen aparejadas resultados favorables en la recuperación de la antropometría del bajo peso. Objetivo: evaluar el crecimiento postnatal del pretérmino con peso al nacer menor de dos mil quinientos gramos y bajo peso para su edad gestacional e implementar acciones de salud, encaminadas a alcanzar rápidamente su canal de crecimiento hasta el año. Método: se realizaron intervenciones de salud en el curso de un estudio longitudinal de cohorte, en el Hospital Gineco-Obstétrico Universitario Ana Betancourt de Mora y áreas de salud del municipio Camagüey. Se evaluaron aspectos del crecimiento antropométrico durante el primer año de vida. Los datos se recogieron de las historias clínicas y fueron llevados a un formulario, se procesaron con el programa SPSS. El universo estuvo formado por veinticinco niños/niñas pretérminos con peso al nacer menor de dos mil quinientos gramos y bajo peso para su edad gestacional (grupo estudio), veinticinco niños/niñas a término y peso adecuado (grupo control) nacidos en el año 2005 y seguidos en el 2006, quince niños/niñas pretérmino bajo peso para su edad gestacional nacidos en el año 2004 evolucionados durante el 2005 (grupo histórico). Resultados: se encontró de forma significativa que el crecimiento longitudinal fue ascendente en el tiempo en los grupos estudiados. Conclusiones: el bajo peso sometido a intervenciones presentó un crecimiento mayor que el control histórico, acercándose más al de peso normal.

The designed and structured intervention strategies in time and personal are the result of health social policies, brought about favorable results in the recovery of the low weight anthropometry. Objective: to evaluate the postnatal growth of the preterm with birth weight smaller than two thousand five hundred grams and underweight for their gestational age and to implement health actions, guided to achieve quickly their channel of growth until the first year of life. Method: health interventions in the course of a longitudinal study of cohort were conducted, at the Gyneco-obstetric University Hospital "Ana Betancourt de Mora" and health areas of the Camagüey municipality. Aspects of the anthropometric growth were evaluated during the first year of life. Data were collected of the clinical histories and were taken to a form, which were processed with the SPSS program. The universe was constituted by twenty-five preterm boys/girls with birth weight smaller than 2500g and underweight for their gestational age (study group), 25 term infants and appropriate weight (control group) born in the 2005 year and continued in the 2006, fifteen preterm low weight boys/girls for their gestational age born in the year 2004 evolved during the 2005 (historical group). Results: it was found in a significant way that the longitudinal growth was ascending in time in the studied groups. Conclusions: the underweight subjected to interventions presented a bigger growth that the historical control, coming closer to that of normal weight.

Crecimiento postnatal del pretérmino bajo peso para su edad gestacional hasta el año / Preterm low birth weight postnatal growing for gestational age during the first year of life

Las estrategias de intervención diseñadas y estructuradas en tiempo y personal, son el resultado de políticas sociales de salud, traen aparejadas resultados favorables en la recuperación de la antropometría del bajo peso. Objetivo: evaluar el crecimiento postnatal del pretérmino con peso al nacer menor de dos mil quinientos gramos y bajo peso para su edad gestacional e implementar acciones de salud, encaminadas a alcanzar rápidamente su canal de crecimiento hasta el año. Método: se realizaron intervenciones de salud en el curso de un estudio longitudinal de cohorte, en el Hospital Gineco-Obstétrico Universitario Ana Betancourt de Mora y áreas de salud del municipio Camagüey. Se evaluaron aspectos del crecimiento antropométrico durante el primer año de vida. Los datos se recogieron de las historias clínicas y fueron llevados a un formulario, se procesaron con el programa SPSS. El universo estuvo formado por veinticinco niños/niñas pretérminos con peso al nacer menor de dos mil quinientos gramos y bajo peso para su edad gestacional (grupo estudio), veinticinco niños/niñas a término y peso adecuado (grupo control) nacidos en el año 2005 y seguidos en el 2006, quince niños/niñas pretérmino bajo peso para su edad gestacional nacidos en el año 2004 evolucionados durante el 2005 (grupo histórico). Resultados: se encontró de forma significativa que el crecimiento longitudinal fue ascendente en el tiempo en los grupos estudiados. Conclusiones: el bajo peso sometido a intervenciones presentó un crecimiento mayor que el control histórico, acercándose más al de peso normal (AU)

The designed and structured intervention strategies in time and personal are the result of health social policies, brought about favorable results in the recovery of the low weight anthropometry. Objective: to evaluate the postnatal growth of the preterm with birth weight smaller than two thousand five hundred grams and underweight for their gestational age and to implement health actions, guided to achieve quickly their channel of growth until the first year of life. Method: health interventions in the course of a longitudinal study of cohort were conducted, at the Gyneco-obstetric University Hospital "Ana Betancourt de Mora" and health areas of the Camagüey municipality. Aspects of the anthropometric growth were evaluated during the first year of life. Data were collected of the clinical histories and were taken to a form, which were processed with the SPSS program. The universe was constituted by twenty-five preterm boys/girls with birth weight smaller than 2500g and underweight for their gestational age (study group), 25 term infants and appropriate weight (control group) born in the 2005 year and continued in the 2006, fifteen preterm low weight boys/girls for their gestational age born in the year 2004 evolved during the 2005 (historical group). Results: it was found in a significant way that the longitudinal growth was ascending in time in the studied groups. Conclusions: the underweight subjected to interventions presented a bigger growth that the historical control, coming closer to that of normal weight (AU)